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But the point is that modern iron or steel files, with teeth and hardening, and the material culture of intricate filing that would lead to locksmithing and gunsmithing, for example, are what took time to become common. The Disston authors state, "It was not until the fourteenth century, however, that those who practiced art in ironwork began to use other tools, besides heat and the hammer, regularly." This statement could mislead in the sense that stoning (with sandstone) and lapping (with wood, sand, and water) have never been rare activities among humans, or especially smiths. For example, in the 13th century, ornamental iron work at Paris was done skillfully with the aid of files, but the process was a secret known only to a master craftsman. But although they existed, and could even have spread widely, in a geographical sense, via trade, they were not widespread in the cultural sense of the word-that is, most people, and even many smiths, did not have them. By the 11th century, there already existed hardened files that would seem quite modern even to today's eyes. Archaeologists have also discovered rasps made of iron used by the Assyrians, dating back to the 7th Century BC.ĭuring the Middle Ages files were already quite advanced, thanks to the extensive talents of blacksmiths.
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Archaeologists have discovered rasps made from bronze in Egypt, dating back to the years 1200–1000 BC. The Bronze Age and the Iron Age had various kinds of files and rasps. The Disston authors state, "To abrade, or file, ancient man used sand, grit, coral, bone, fish skin, and gritty woods,-also stone of varying hardness in connection with sand and water." Relatedly, lapping is also quite ancient, with wood and beach sand offering a natural pair of lap and lapping compound. Early filing or rasping has prehistoric roots and grew naturally out of the blending of the twin inspirations of cutting with stone cutting tools (such as hand axes) and abrading using natural abrasives, such as well-suited types of stone (for example, sandstone).